Nowadays, the "Silk Road" is well known, and the "Jade Road" is rarely recorded. The philosopher's warning about "knowing the truth is not true" is very useful for understanding the historical phenomenon named by the modern people such as the "Silk Road." Among the various cultural relics researched in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties projects carried out by the archaeological circles in China, jade and various jade articles actually occupy a considerable proportion, and the origin of these jade articles all point to this jade. road".
Silk Road and Jade Road
Since the German geographer Lichhofen proposed the name "Silk Road" in 1877, the relevant Chinese and foreign language writings have been full of enthusiasm. As far as the explanations at the beginning of his naming, Li Xihofen refers to this Western-style traffic route from 114 BC to 127 AD, between China's Hetao region and China and India, which is based on silk trade. Among them, the Western Region refers to the vast area west of the ancient jade gate to the Mediterranean coast. Later, historians collectively referred to the trade route between China and the West as the "Silk Road." Because of its history spanning more than two thousand years, involving land and sea, according to the line, there is a difference between "land silk road" and "sea silk road".
In recent years, the anthropological community has advocated the use of written writing as the standard, re-dividing the big and small traditions, and regards the traditions since the words as "small traditions", and regards the traditions before and outside the written records as "great traditions". . In this way, the naming of the "Silk Road" is precisely the beginning of the Zhangxitong Western Region incident recorded in the text, which is a typical "small tradition" within the scope of knowledge, lacking a more far-reaching "big tradition". It also completely ignores the dependence of the Central Plains countries on the important strategic resources of the Western Regions and the jade trade channel since Xia, Shang and Zhou. It is impossible to see that the predecessor of the so-called "Silk Road" is actually the "Jade Road".
Westerners have envied silk from China since ancient times, and the Central Plains people like Hetian Meiyu from Xinjiang since ancient times. In the eyes of Arabs and Westerners, this east-west passage connecting the two ends of Eurasia is of course the "Silk Road."
In the eyes of the Central Plains, the West Road is called "the road of beauty jade" may be more accurate. The difference here is the difference between the foreign cultural perspective and the local cultural perspective. Since the beginning of Western learning, along with the colonization process of Western civilization values, we have accepted too many foreign perspectives, foreign theories and foreign concepts. The “Silk Road†is said to be prosperous and popular, eventually overwhelming and overwhelming the truth of the longer “Jade Roadâ€.
The formation of "Jade Road"
So how did the “Jade Road†form and develop?
Mr. Yang Boda, a famous ancient jade expert in China, once pointed out: "In the Shang and Xizhou periods, China's jade articles entered the period of Hetian jade from the stone age of primitive society. There are more than 1,200 pieces of Yinxu jade in Henan Anyang. It is a woman's tomb (Women is the spouse of the twenty-third generation of Wang Wuding in the Shang Dynasty, and is a 775 jade ware that was unearthed in a heroic school). After identification, most of the jade materials are Hetian jade. In the book of the Son of Heaven, there are many precious records about Hetian jade. For example, Zhou Muwang Deng Kunlun Mountain applauded it as "the only mountain in the world, the place where the jade stone is located." â€
Through some historical records, we can see how the ancient patriarch tribes on the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River and the mother tribes on the north slope of Kunlun communicated with Hetian jade as a carrier. From the Neolithic Age to the Shang Dynasty, the ancestors extended from the Hetian area on the northern slope of Kunlun to the east and west wings, and transported Hetian jade to distant places. In this way, from the near to the far, the extension of the east and the west continued, and finally opened up an earlier Hetian jade transport line - "Jade Road".
This "Jade Road" entered Xinjiang from Xinjiang to the east, entered Henan through Ningxia, Shanxi, and Shaanxi, and entered Uzbekistan from Xinjiang to Europe and Asia. Due to the opening of the jade road, a large number of Hetian jade were transported to the east and west, and the second jade peak era in China appeared in the Shang and Zhou dynasties.
According to historical records, together with the geography and culture of archaeologists at home and abroad, Hetian jade gradually transferred to the east through the Hexi Corridor. By the 13th century BC, Hetian jade was finally transmitted to Yindu (now Anyang, Henan Province). City), became the precious and exquisite court jade used in the Imperial Palace of China. The route of this "Jade Road" to the east is: South Route and Tianjing Celle, Yutian, Minfeng, Qiemo, Ruoqiang, Milan, Lop Nur, Loulan to Dunhuang; North Route Hetian Departure by Yecheng, Shache, Yingjisha, Kashgar, Kuqa, Aksu, Luntai, Korla, Turpan to Dunhuang. After the north and south roads merged in Dunhuang, they passed through Anxi and Yumenguan to Anyang or the southwestern part of the mountain and spread to the west of Henan.
Yumenguan
In fact, the Western Han Dynasty’s Zhang Yutong’s Western Region is the “Jade Roadâ€. The Yumen Pass set up in Gansu in the Han Dynasty was actually known for transporting jade. The road to the jade after the Han Dynasty was more prosperous. As the poet Du Fu of the Tang Dynasty said: "The blasphemy of the Han dynasty makes thousands of treasures, and the lesser dynasty Wang Wanpi Luo." Another example is the Uighur poet Ma Zu often wrote in the Yuan Dynasty: "The color of the riverside incident, the collection of the East Easy mulberry."
According to experts' research, Yumenguan is the first gate of Xinjiang Hetian jade to enter the Central Plains. Its location is in the west of Dunhuang. In the Han Dynasty, the court sent troops to station and officially named Yumenguan. After the ancient jade passed the Yumen Pass, it also had to cross the Yellow River twice and finally reach Yanmen Pass. Yanmen Pass is the watershed of the Mongolian grassland and the Central Plains. It is also the final gateway for the Jade Road to enter the Central Plains. Once this portal is crossed, Xinjiang Jade will actually enter the Guanzhong area. The end of the thousands of kilometers of jade road is the capital of the Shang Dynasty, Anyang, Henan.
About two thousand years ago, in the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Wei twice went to the Western Region. It was the guidance of the Jade Road that he could reach the countries of the Western Regions. The Silk Road that he has linked to is actually the "Jade Road." On this road, merchants will bring Hetian Meiyu to the east and Chinese silk to the west.
According to the history of Uzbekistan in the former Soviet Union, in the second millennium BC, Xinjiang Jasper appeared there, possibly from the northern foot of Xinjiang. After the rise of the "Silk Road", the jade materials that were shipped to the mainland of the Central Plains began to linger and became an important part of the Silk Road trade. After Hetian jade entered the Central Plains, Chinese jade culture gradually entered the era with Hetian jade as the main body. Hetian jade has since been hailed as the elite of Chinese jade, and has been endowed by Confucianism as the important carrier of traditional culture.
The jade road began in the Neolithic Age, after the Xia Shang Zhou, the Spring and Autumn Warring States, the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and even the historical dynasties of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the years of more than 6,000 years, Hetian jade was introduced to all parts of China and spread to Central Asia and Europe, making Hetian jade on the history of ancient civilization and acclaimed the world. It can be said that Hetian jade gave birth to the origin of Chinese civilization, and the "Jade Road" communicated the exchange and understanding of Eastern and Western cultures, promoted the prosperity, prosperity and development of the East and West political economy, and created the jade consciousness and jade connotation. The great merits of the combination of jade morality, jade god power, jade culture and Chinese national spirit.
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